Eco-friendly Habitat: from architecture to planning
(Pascal Rollet)
The need for an R & D
Experiences and previous research we have identified some major issues that have
priority attention.
To capitalize on the knowledge accumulated over several years while integrating
the work of other researchers, we have opted for a type of research and
development.
We believe that a whole section of conducting research in architecture by
synthesizing project development should complement the approaches of the
sciences related to architecture - the basic research on the subject, building
physics, research on the perception of
space and the history of cities - to allow the development of devices and
constructive space - architectural - that respond to the most appropriate
possible new conditions.
This approach development in the real architectural principles identified as
potential carriers of such responses is the approach traditionally used R & D by
industry.
The development of these "projects" requires intermediate stages of testing and
verification before the devices developed can not be generalized or applied in
other situations.
The reason and the lessons of history, command us to be careful implementing
specific solutions careless too innovative or too out of step with the
expectations of society, whether social, economic or technical.
So there is a field of R & D in architecture to explore and grow for the good of
society as a whole.
Our team is part proactively in this type of approach.
An approach based on experimentation
Prototypes of full-scale habitat from a constructive idea is innovative and
space, for example, a form of experimentation to verify if the assumptions are
based and if the construction process has all the imagined performance
initially.
A prototype is currently under construction in the territory of Saone et Loire,
and three more are planned for 2010 in Madrid, Chambéry and again in Saone et
Loire.
These prototypes will be instrumented to collect objective data rich teaching
staff on their behavior over time in response to changes in external conditions.
These data also adjust the level of accuracy of our simulation tools developed
according to theoretical models.
Finally, the actual physical presence of a spatial device allows to compare the
pre-vision - that of the design architect - with reality.
Feedback from three-dimensional and multi-sensory is crucial because it allows a
further seizure of the object being designed.
This information may help to correct, revise and to change certain aspects of
the design at the same time they come to consolidate and legitimize others.
They also check that the perception of the object is shared by others, including
those that may be required to use the object from the end of the experiment.
This iterative and interactive process has become essential to address the
complexity of factors that combine to make a living space tailored to the
specific conditions of its environment.
It is important to emphasize that in our approach, experimentation does not
replace the other tools of architectural design as such, the simulation, but
rather a complement.
It is found in the real mirror elements of the concepts and assumptions
manipulated in the virtual.
This is to compare the research to action and feed
them in a reflexive and reciprocal.
A consideration of urban and territorial scales
Finally, the research unit of eco-friendly housing to build "sustainable" and
cheaper, should also capture other degrees of complexity by addressing the scale
of the city, territory and landscape.
It is therefore important to treat the size of the resource territories
(materials and sectors, cultures qualifications of the industrial, craft and
business. But still the question of urban densification in order to limit the
spread of the built and
to reduce travel (energy). So what are the solutions to be developed between
horizontal or vertical densification better value for the space provided? How to
preserve natural areas? How better to capture more solar energy by solving a
paradox morphological
which implies a spread instead of surfaces? What should the new system of
spatial organization of these other scales also foster greater social mix
(autonomy, solidarity, social harmony)? These are questions that the research
program of the
unit seized under its approach mobilizing
experimentation and R & D.
The creation of design outl
Seeing how it becomes essential to establish a database essential to informed
choices and allow to design a habitat reaching energy independence in a very
economic research closely related to teaching and focus primarily on the
creation of a
database as a tool for the design very cost housing, was undertaken with the
support of the Rhône-Alpes, with the help of professional experts in green
building (Jusselme Thomas, Jean-Christophe Fluhr
and Laurent Tochon) research centers (including CSTB) and industry.
The objective is to facilitate the prospective study and exploratory students,
help them to be later, once in life, relevant architectural and urban
innovation, but also to strengthen their ability to understand the complexity,
to think
more generally, to outline the problems and issues in
a less "naive" and design with different scales (architecture, town and
country), or anticipating the accompanying socio-economic and territorial.
- Innovative Structures (Olivier Baverel):
The aim of the research is the study of innovative construction systems in civil
engineering and construction.
The search for lightweight structures where various aspects are slim to explore.
The first aspect concerns the search for forms of structures with specific
assemblies such as Nexorades.
Specific methods have been implemented to solve difficult problems in geometry.
The second aspect deals with innovative concepts of composite structure such as
grid shells, bow string bridges, gateways with support for préflexion tense.
This aspect deals with the material.
The third aspect concerns the structure and eco-design or the analysis of life
cycle, reuse of materials.
Research is structured into three parts: geometry, materials and eco-design.
It is from these three themes will be developed for future research in the next
four.
To build in a rational way in the 21st century, it is indeed necessary to
control the geometry, knowledge of materials and their impact on the
environment.
Future research will be physical and multi
disciplinary.
- Production of building and social development (Alexandre
Doulin):
Nearly half of the world population (source UN) lives in a habitat made of local
natural materials, or clay, stone, wood and other resources easily accessible.
In the poorest countries (south), in rural and suburban areas where we work on
applied research projects, we find that the vast majority of that population
occupies this habitat by default and without investing in its maintenance and
improvement,
contributing to a deterioration of living conditions.
The image that restores the habitat endogenous face new urban models built in
industrial materials (concrete, steel, concrete block), is negative and
associated with poverty.
Yet, historically, the production of human settlements was a vehicle for
development of local companies (creation of knowledge and know-how at the heart
of diverse cultures constructive, of crafts and economy), and habitat was
also one of the essential representations of cultural identities "territorial"
(anthropological report on "place") in which people recognize themselves,
maintaining a sustainable balance of relationship with their environment.
The research focuses on understanding the rejection of the habitat of
traditional materials, particularly among young people for whom a form of
"mental and cultural migration" is often very advanced (loss of knowledge and
know-how, cultural practices and
social
issues related to housing).
Thus, with local communities, we try to reverse the negative perceptions of this
habitat endogenous, analyzing aspects of constructive strength / vs /
imagination of fragility, health / vs / image of inadequacy, and aesthetics / vs
/
image of ugly, that to restore a recognition and respect of cultural heritage,
to better perceive the intelligence of local cultures constructive answers
likely to convey updated and integrated in the middle.
Once people became aware of the heritage value of their living space, then,
suggestions for improvement from conventional innovation (R & D) and applied
research that have been developed by researchers of the unit can be put in
work.
This research is also extended to the didactic to rethink training as a means of
rehabilitation and social reintegration, which implies the development of
methods and training tools also incorporating considerations other than only
technical but also social in nature:
relearn "all" training on construction sites, trades that convey cultural values
and social cohesion, respect and mutual trust, pride in work well done and
creative, essential to investigate an integrated local development corporations.
Find intelligence assets in the service of improved living conditions.
The next four will analyze a large corpus of projects developed in recent years,
particularly in Africa, to be able to return for new teaching methodologies and
"situated", to better disseminate the responses that contribute to social
development based on
production and improving the quality of housing
economics.
5.1.3.2.
Risk Management Program and Reconstruction
It accepts two scientific projects:
- Atlas of constructive cultures of risk (Oliver
Moles):
This research project was undertaken in the last four is to document and analyze
the history of local cultures of risk in regions exposed to natural disasters
(earthquakes, floods, cyclones).
The research was supported by a scientific partnership with the European
University Centre of Cultural Heritage (CUEBC) from the University of Naples,
Ravello, Italy (Prof. Feruccio Ferrigni) which is the origin of the concept of
local cultures
risk based on the discovery, in areas at risk of a rich historical and
vernacular built heritage including the provisions providing constructive and
specific morphological responses to prevent or reduce hazards.
The true culture of para mount claims is the result of a memory geomorphological
and meteorological events recurring.
Based on historical research (the study of archaeological, architectural and
urban areas at risk), and on many projects in areas at risk (prevention and
management of post-emergency) for studying the
local built heritage, the aim of this project is to systematically identify what
can be considered as "anomalies" constructive frame of these areas and better
understand how companies, especially builders, have incorporated the issue of
risk
both at technical and methodological in the production of housing in the city
and territory, from the materials, techniques, special provisions, the forms of
development involving the middle frame, etc..
This is to better understand the strategies implemented, categorize, describe
the prospect of being able to update and implement some solutions in contexts
vulnerable and "not creditworthy".
This research contributes to reducing the
vulnerability of structures and populations, while ensuring access technical and
economic solutions to these territories is a resource (knowledge and know-how).
- Methods and strategies for prevention, risk
management and reconstruction (Philippe Garnier)
The presence of para sinister strategies at all levels, from home to the city,
covering both the social organization to the mythologies, reveals the importance
of the concept of vulnerability reduction in the evolutionary process of
a constructive culture "located", but also the need to develop approaches
capable of increasing the resilience of populations endogenously so that each
particular situation of the responses can be studied, generated and evaluated,
and where possible
improved.
The objective of this research which is currently the subject of the first
publication funded by the Ministry of Ecology Energy Sustainable Development and
the Sea (MEEDDM) on the theme of reducing vulnerability
and local development is aiming to improve responses and their effectiveness in
phase post-disaster reconstruction through the use of local resources properly
controlled (materials, techniques, knowledge and know-how).
The research is based on preventive actions and risk preparedness in
disadvantaged areas (limited affordability) working on an integrated approach to
provide sustainable solutions can reduce the effects of hazards on local
societies.
The main principles of models that will come from this
research can also be applied to less disadvantaged areas.
5.2.
- Theme 2:
Materials
5.2.1.
Scientific responsibility and composition of the
team's theme:
The second research theme "Materials" is under the
scientific supervision of Patrice Doat, architect, professor STA 11.
Teachers and researchers involved in the development
of the theme:
Romain Anger, INSA, Cédric Avenier, art historian, Wilfredo Caraz-Aedo,
architect Patrice Doat, architect Alexander Doulin, civil engineer technician,
Anne Coste, architectural historian, Laetitia Fontaine, INSA
, Hubert Guillaud, architect Hugo Houben, physicist,
Olivier moles, civil engineer technician, Cyrille Simonnet, architectural
historian.
11 Doat Patrice is the founder of CRATerre in 1979, where he provided scientific
direction for several years.
He is currently president of the Grands Ateliers de
l'Isle d'Abeau.
5.2.2.
Materials science objectives of the theme
The scientific objectives of the theme materials cover
five main areas:
- Contribute to the history of constructive cultures, craft and business,
especially to the study of human provisions governing the implementation of
correlated materials and techniques (knowledge, skills and know-how), the field
covers constructive cultures ancient and modern
vernacular.
- Develop the body of knowledge on building materials, and production chains,
traditional and modern (earth, stone, wood, concrete and cement natural bamboo,
straw and hemp), develop a specific research on the air as
material essential to the quality of living;
- Better understanding of the cultural and
environmental components of these materials for the production of contemporary
architecture eco-cost housing "located" contributing to local development
companies (in conjunction with the theme "Habitat");
- Develop further basic research on the matter in grain (ground): rheological
properties of clay mud, development of new concrete to clay, phase change and
energy ... to contribute to innovation in technical and industrial
field of building materials for housing (in relation
to the "Workshop on" Project "City of sustainable construction");
- Contribute as research on these matters to the
changing practices of conservation and enhancement of architectural heritage (in
conjunction with "Heritage").
5.2.3.
Theme
programming materials
The theme Materials hosts two programs:
- History of constructive cultures: This program is
co-directed by Cyrille Simonnet, architectural historian, and Hubert Guillaud,
architect.
- Fundamental Research on Matter / Materials: This
program is co-directed by Romain Anger and Laetitia Fontaine, INSA engineers,
with the participation of Hugo Houben 12
5.2.3.1.
Program History constructive cultures
It accepts five research projects:
- History and Atlas of earthen architecture (Hubert
Guillaud):
Over the years, an ambitious research program was conducted to produce a world
atlas of architecture gradually making up ground in the body of bibliographical
references, maps, documentary and iconographic based on which have already been
developed several contributions to an account
history of architecture and building cultures in the ground, in the form of
regional syntheses.
This work has benefited in recent years including the regularity of organization
of major international conferences on the conservation of earthen architecture
(every 3-4 years), the proliferation of conferences and national and regional
seminars, and management
Scientific-disciplinary exchange of earthen construction, made in France (2002,
2005, 2008) that was shared with the UMR 5140 Archaeology of Mediterranean
societies, the House of the East Mediterranean and the association ArchiTerra
.
These exchanges have resulted in the publication of a collection of acts that
constitute a valuable scientific contribution to feed the Atlas project at the
European level while integrating other international contributions.
Architectures and building cultures of the earth cut (grass), land mass, (cob
and rammed earth) and mud brick were molded specifically explored, while those
of wood and earth (mud, timber)
will be reported and discussed at an upcoming trade transdisciplinary programmed
for 2011.
Simultaneously, this year 2009, a book project began, "In Praise of earthen
architecture," in scientific collaboration with the architect Jean Dethier, who
was the designer of the exhibition "earthen architecture" of the Centre Georges
Pompidou (
1981) have circulated in the major capitals of the world for nearly 20 years.
This landmark publication should lead late 2011-2012, in partnership with
publishers (Dominique Carré and Discovery for the French version, and Thames and
Hudson, and Abrams for English).
The next four will therefore contribute to further progress in the development
of the story of the history of earthen architecture and several publications.